Hicks Lake 2020 Water Quality Report

2020 Hicks Lake Water Quality Report Prepared by Thurston County Environmental Health Division Figure 1. Hicks Lake map showing location of sample site HK1. HENDERSON INLET WATERSHED • SHORELINE LENGTH: 2.4 miles PUBLIC ACCESS: • LAKE SIZE: 0.25 square miles Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife • BASIN SIZE: 1.8 square miles public boat launch and City of Lacey Wanschers • MEAN DEPTH: 18 feet (5.5 meters) Park. • MAXIMUM DEPTH: 35 feet (10.7 meters) • VOLUME: 2,700 acre-feet GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY: Approximate altitude of the lake is 162 feet. PRIMARY LAND USES: The watershed is relatively flat with extensive The watershed is primarily urban and sub- wetlands between lakes including one south of urban residential with a small percentage in Hicks Lake. undeveloped forest cover. 2020 GENERAL WATER QUALITY: PRIMARY LAKE USES: Good –Water quality is generally considered Fishing, boating, water sports, and swimming. good based on Trophic State Indices (TSIs) and supports the beneficial uses of this mesotrophic lake. In 2020, the average surface phosphorus concentration of 0.018 mg/L was above to the long-term average (0.015 mg/L), and below the state action level of 0.020 mg/L. Hicks Lake 2020 DESCRIPTION Hicks Lake is a relatively small lake, popular for fishing, boating, and swimming. It is the first lake in a chain of four hydraulically connected lakes. The four, Hicks, Pattison, Long and Lois, eventually discharge to Henderson Inlet via Woodland Creek. The lake has public access open six months per year provided by a Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) boat launch. WDFW stocks the lake with rainbow trout yearly, and periodically with brown trout. The City of Lacey’s Wanschers Community Park, on the west side of the lake, provides good shoreline access. METHODS In 2020, Thurston County Environmental Health (TCEH) conducted monthly monitoring (Table 1) at the site identified as HK1 at Hicks Lake from May to October. Figure 1 shows the sample site, located in the deepest basin of the lake. Table 1. List of parameters, units, method, and sampling locations Parameter Units Method Sampling Location Transparency meters Secchi Disk Depth where disk is no longer visible Color #1 to #11 Custer Color Strip Color of water on white portion of Secchi Desk •Water Temperature (°C) Vertical Water • Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) YSI EXO1 Multi- ~ 0.5 meter below the water surface to Quality Profile • pH (standard units) parameter Sonde ~ 0.5 meter above the bottom sediments • Specific Conductivity (µS/cm) Total Grab Samples with Surface Sample: ~ 0.5 meter below the surface mg/L Phosphorus Kemmerer Bottom Sample: ~ 0.5 meter above the benthos Grab Samples with Surface Sample: ~ 0.5 meter below the surface Total Nitrogen mg/L Kemmerer Bottom Sample: ~ 0.5 meter above the benthos Composite of Chlorohyll-a µg/L Multiple Grab Photic Zone Samples Composite of Phaeo-a µg/L Multiple Grab Photic Zone Samples Composite of Algae Genera, Present, Dominant, Multiple Grab Photic Zone Identification* Subdominant Samples TCEH observed the color of the water against the white background of the Secchi disk at one-meter depth and compared it to the Custer Color Strip (Figure 2). Figure 2. TCEH compared the color of the water on the Secchi disk (1 m) to the Custer Color Strip 2 Hicks Lake 2020 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Each sample day TCEH collected 10% replicate samples and trip blanks to assess total variation for laboratory samples (TCEH samples 3-4 lakes per day). Water quality data was collected with a Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) EXO 1. The instrument was calibrated before each sample day. Instrument drift data were routinely collected within 24 hours of the sampling event. See Appendix C for QA/QC data. RESULTS Weather Conditions Weather conditions based on the Olympia Regional Airport weather station, during the 2020 sample season are provided in Table 2. Table 2. Weather on sample days and the monthly average, minimum, and maximum air temperatures. Temperature (ᵒ C) Month Weather on Sample Day (average temp) Monthly Average (low/high) May Cloudy (13.3ᵒ C); 0-15 mph SW wind 13.3 (0.0/30.6) June Cloudy (18.3ᵒ C); 0-15 mph SW wind 15.25 (4.4/29.4) July Cloudy (17.8ᵒ C); 0-10 mph SW wind 17.5 (6.7/36.7) August Fair, (17.5ᵒ C); 0-8 mph N wind 18 (5.6/37.2) September Rain (16.1ᵒ C); 0-20 mph SW wind 17 (5.6/32.8) October Cloudy (8.3ᵒ C); 0-15 W wind 10.9 (-3.3/23.3) Vertical Water Quality Profiles During the summer, lakes often stratify into layers based on temperature and density differences. • Epilimnion: upper warm, circulating strata in contact with the atmosphere • Metalimnion: middle layer with steep thermal gradient (thermocline) • Hypolimnion: deepest layer of colder, relatively stagnant water The vertical water quality profiles illustrate how the water column at Hicks Lake changed over the 2020 sample season. (Figures 3 to 5). 3 Hicks Lake 2020 Hicks Lake - June 24, 2020 Hicks Lake - May 20, 2020 Temperature (°C), pH (std) , DO (mg/L) Temperature (°C), pH (std), DO (mg.L) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 Depth (meters) 7.0 Depth (meters)7.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 SPC µS/cm SPC (µS/cm) TEMP pH D.O. SPC TEMP pH D.O. SPC Figure 3. Vertical water quality profiles collected at HK1 for May and June 2020. In May, Hicks Lake was in the process of stratifying. DO at the surface was relatively high, and there was a positive heterograde in the metalimnion. • May Epilimnion – Mean Temperature 18.1 °C; Mean DO 9.5 mg/L • May Hypolimnion – Mean Temperature 9.1°C; Mean DO 1.0 mg/L In June, the mean and minimum air temperatures increased. Surface water retained heat; it was 2.8°C warmer than in May. DO declined slightly. • June Epilimnion – Mean Temperature 20.9°C; Mean DO 9.1 mg/L • June Hypolimnion – Mean Temperature 9.6°C; Mean DO 0.6 mg/L Thermal stratification created density differences, which impaired mixing of the water column. The dissolved oxygen (DO) profile during June was a clinograde curve. The hypolimnion, cut-off from the atmosphere after stratification, lost oxygen to redox processes like decomposition and advection of low DO groundwater. The epilimnion had much higher DO because this layer gained oxygen from the atmosphere and photosynthesis. 4 Hicks Lake 2020 Hicks Lake - July 22, 2020 Hicks Lake - August 26, 2020 Temperature (°C), pH (std), DO (mg/L) Temperature (°C), pH (std), DO (mg/L) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 Depth (meters) Depth (meters) 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 SPC (µS/cm) SPC (µS/cm) TEMP pH D.O. SPC TEMP pH D.O. SPC Figure 4. Vertical water quality profiles collected at HK1 for July and August 2020. In July, the air temperature was the highest of the 2020 sample season. Likewise, the water temperature of the epilimnion increased to the summer’s peak. DO continued to decline. Three distinct layers were readily discernable, indicating that density differences hindered mixing of the water column. • July Epilimnion – Mean Temperature 24.2°C; DO 8.8 mg/L • July Hypolimnion – Mean Temperature 11.4°C; Mean DO 0.5 mg/L The average air temperature remained the same in August. The epilimnion grew deeper and increased productivity produced a greater supply of oxygen compared to July. • August Epilimnion – Mean Temperature 22.9°C; Mean DO 8.5 mg/L • August Hypolimnion – Mean Temperature 12.3°C; Mean DO 0.7 mg/L The DO curve was clinograde in July and August 2020. The concentration of DO in the hypolimnion was low due to redox processes, which was isolated from more oxygenated water above by density differences during thermal stratification. 5 Hicks Lake 2020 Hicks Lake - September 23, 2020 Hicks Lake - October 21, 2020 Temperature (°C), pH, DO (mg/L) Temperature (°C), pH (std), DO (mg/L) 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0.0 0 1.0 1 2 2.0 3 3.0 4 4.0 5 5.0 Depth (meters) 6 6.0 Depth (meters) 7 7.0 8 8.0 9 9.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 SPC (µS/cm) SPC (µS/cm) TEMP pH D.O. SPC TEMP pH D.O. SPC Figure 5. Vertical water quality profiles collected at HK1 for September and October 2020. In September, overnight air temperatures declined. The surface water cooled and sank, which diminished temperature variation in the upper six meters of the water column. The DO curve remained clinograde. • September Epilimnion – Mean Temperature 20.0°C; DO 8.5 mg/L • September Hypolimnion– Mean Temperature 12.3°C; DO 0.6 mg/L The change of seasons was evident in October.

9/3/20 Ch 28: The Protists (a.k.a. Protoctists) (meet these in more detail in your book and lab) 1 Protists invent: eukaryotic cells size complexity Remember: 1°(primary) endosymbiosis? -> mitochondrion -> chloroplast genome unicellular -> multicellular 2 1 9/3/20 For chloroplasts 2° (secondary) happened (more complicated) 3 4 Eukaryotic “supergroups” (SG; between K and P) 4 2 9/3/20 Protists invent sex: meiosis and fertilization -> 3 Life Cycles/Histories (Fig 13.6) Spores and some protists (Humans do this one) 5 “Algae” Group PS Pigments Euglenoids chl a & b (& carotenoids) Dinoflagellates chl a & c (usually) (& carotenoids) Diatoms chl a & c (& carotenoids) Xanthophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Chrysophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Coccolithophorids chl a & c (& carotenoids) Browns chl a & c (& carotenoids) Reds chl a, phycobilins (& carotenoids) Greens chl a & b (& carotenoids) (more groups exist) 6 3 9/3/20 Name word roots (indicate nutrition) “algae” (-phyt-) protozoa (no consistent word ending) “fungal-like” (-myc-) Ecological terms plankton phytoplankton zooplankton 7 SG: Excavata/Excavates “excavated” feeding groove some have reduced mitochondria (e.g.: mitosomes, hydrogenosomes) 8 4 9/3/20 SG: Excavata O: Diplomonads: †Giardia Cl: Parabasalids: Trichonympha (bk only) †Trichomonas P: Euglenophyta/zoa C: Kinetoplastids = trypanosomes/hemoflagellates: †Trypanosoma C: Euglenids: Euglena 9 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates cell membrane 10 5 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Dinoflagellata/Pyrrophyta:

UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER Norman, Oklahoma 2017 MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Boris Wawrik, Chair ______________________________ Dr. J. Phil Gibson ______________________________ Dr. Anne K. Dunn ______________________________ Dr. John Paul Masly ______________________________ Dr. K. David Hambright ii © Copyright by JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER 2017 All Rights Reserved. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my two advisors Dr. Boris Wawrik and Dr. J. Phil Gibson for helping me become a better scientist and better educator. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Anne K. Dunn, Dr. K. David Hambright, and Dr. J.P. Masly for providing valuable inputs that lead me to carefully consider my research questions. I would also like to thank Dr. J.P. Masly for the opportunity to coauthor a book chapter on the speciation of diatoms. It is still such a privilege that you believed in me and my crazy diatom ideas to form a concise chapter in addition to learn your style of writing has been a benefit to my professional development. I’m also thankful for my first undergraduate research mentor, Dr. Miriam Steinitz-Kannan, now retired from Northern Kentucky University, who was the first to show the amazing wonders of pond scum. Who knew that studying diatoms and algae as an undergraduate would lead me all the way to a Ph.D.

American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1508±1522. 2004. BIOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF HETEROKONT AND HAPTOPHYTE ALGAE1 ROBERT A. ANDERSEN Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 475, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575 USA In this paper, I review what is currently known of phylogenetic relationships of heterokont and haptophyte algae. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that is classi®ed into 17 classes and represents a diverse group of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial algae. Classes are distinguished by morphology, chloroplast pigments, ultrastructural features, and gene sequence data. Electron microscopy and molecular biology have contributed signi®cantly to our understanding of their evolutionary relationships, but even today class relationships are poorly understood. Haptophyte algae are a second monophyletic group that consists of two classes of predominately marine phytoplankton. The closest relatives of the haptophytes are currently unknown, but recent evidence indicates they may be part of a large assemblage (chromalveolates) that includes heterokont algae and other stramenopiles, alveolates, and cryptophytes. Heter- okont and haptophyte algae are important primary producers in aquatic habitats, and they are probably the primary carbon source for petroleum products (crude oil, natural gas). Key words: chromalveolate; chromist; chromophyte; ¯agella; phylogeny; stramenopile; tree of life. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that includes all (Phaeophyceae) by Linnaeus (1753), and shortly thereafter, photosynthetic organisms with tripartite tubular hairs on the microscopic chrysophytes (currently 5 Oikomonas, Anthophy- mature ¯agellum (discussed later; also see Wetherbee et al., sa) were described by MuÈller (1773, 1786). The history of 1988, for de®nitions of mature and immature ¯agella), as well heterokont algae was recently discussed in detail (Andersen, as some nonphotosynthetic relatives and some that have sec- 2004), and four distinct periods were identi®ed.

MMINNEAPOLISINNEAPOLIS PPARKARK && RRECREATIONECREATION BBOARDOARD 20122012 WWATERATER RRESOURCESESOURCES RREPORTEPORT Environmental Stewardship Water Resources Management www.minneapolisparks.org January 2015 2012 WATER RESOURCES REPORT Prepared by: Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board Environmental Stewardship 3800 Bryant Avenue South Minneapolis, MN 55409-1029 612.230.6400 www.minneapolisparks.org January 2015 Funding provided by: Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board City of Minneapolis Public Works Copyright © 2015 by the Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board Material may be quoted with attribution. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abbreviations . i Executive Summary . iv 1. Monitoring Program Overview . 1-1 2. Birch Pond . 2-1 3. Brownie Lake . 3-1 4. Lake Calhoun . 4-1 5. Cedar Lake .

9/29/14 Biosc 41 Announcements 9/29 Review: History of Life v Quick review followed by lecture quiz (history & v How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? phylogeny) v What is thought to have been the first genetic material? v Lecture: Protists v Are we tetrapods? v Lab: Protozoa (animal-like protists) v Most atmospheric oxygen comes from photosynthesis v Lab exam 1 is Wed! (does not cover today’s lab) § Since many of the first organisms were photosynthetic (i.e. cyanobacteria), a LOT of excess oxygen accumulated (O2 revolution) § Some organisms adapted to use it (aerobic respiration) Review: History of Life Review: Phylogeny v Which organelles are thought to have originated as v Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry endosymbionts? v Analogy is similarity due to convergent evolution v During what event did fossils resembling modern taxa suddenly appear en masse? v A valid clade is monophyletic, meaning it consists of the ancestor taxon and all its descendants v How many mass extinctions seem to have occurred during v A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and Earth’s history? Describe one? some, but not all, of the descendants v When is adaptive radiation likely to occur? v A polyphyletic grouping includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor v Maximum parsimony assumes the tree requiring the fewest evolutionary events is most likely Quiz 3 (History and Phylogeny) BIOSC 041 1. How long ago is Earth thought to have formed? 2. Why might many organisms have evolved to use aerobic respiration? PROTISTS! Reference: Chapter 28 3.

PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE bioresources.com Potential of the Micro and Macro Algae for Biofuel Production: A Brief Review Renganathan Rajkumar,* Zahira Yaakob, and Mohd Sobri Takriff The world seems to be raising its energy needs owing to an expanding population and people’s desire for higher living standards. Diversification biofuel sources have become an important energy issue in recent times. Among the various resources, algal biomass has received much attention in the recent years due to its relatively high growth rate, its vast potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change, and their ability to store high amounts of lipids and carbohydrates. These versatile organisms can also be used for the production of biofuel. In this review, sustainability and the viability of algae as an up-coming biofuel feedstock have been discussed. Additionally, this review offers an overview of the status of biofuel production through algal biomass and progress made so far in this area. Keywords: Microalgae; Macroalgae; Biomass; Lipid; Biofuel; Oil production; Bioconversion; Algaculture; Wastewater treatment; Malaysia Contact information: Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; * Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The energy requirements of the global community are rising year by year. Currently, fossil fuels are a prominent source of transportation fuels and energy. The world’s demand for oil is expected to rise 60% from the current level by 2025 (Khan et al. 2009). In view of the increasing oil demand and the depleting oil reserves, development of innovative techniques for the production of biofuels from novel renewable biomass feedstock sources are gaining importance all over the world.

MICRO- AND MACRO-ALGAE: UTILITY FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Outputs from the EPOBIO project September 2007 Prepared by Anders S Carlsson, Jan B van Beilen, Ralf Möller and David Clayton Editor: Dianna Bowles cplpressScience Publishers EPOBIO: Realising the Economic Potential of Sustainable Resources - Bioproducts from Non-food Crops © September 2007, CNAP, University of York EPOBIO is supported by the European Commission under the Sixth RTD Framework Programme Specific Support Action SSPE-CT-2005-022681 together with the United States Department of Agriculture. Legal notice: Neither the University of York nor the European Commission nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use to which information contained in this publication may be put, nor for any errors that may appear despite careful preparation and checking. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of York, nor the European Commission. Non-commercial reproduction is authorized, provided the source is acknowledged. Published by: CPL Press, Tall Gables, The Sydings, Speen, Newbury, Berks RG14 1RZ, UK Tel: +44 1635 292443 Fax: +44 1635 862131 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cplbookshop.com ISBN 13: 978-1-872691-29-9 Printed in the UK by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 HABITATS AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 4 2.1 Definition of terms 4 2.2 Macro-algae 5 2.2.1 Habitats for red, green and brown macro-algae 5 2.2.2 Production systems 6 2.3 Micro-algae 9 2.3.1 Applications of micro-algae 9 2.3.2 Production

Protista Classification Excavata The kingdom Protista (in the five kingdom system) contains mostly unicellular eukaryotes. This taxonomic grouping is polyphyletic and based only Alveolates on cellular structure and life styles not on any molecular evidence. Using molecular biology and detailed comparison of cell structure, scientists are now beginning to see evolutionary SAR Stramenopila history in the protists. The ongoing changes in the protest phylogeny are rapidly changing with each new piece of evidence. The following classification suggests 4 “supergroups” within the Rhizaria original Protista kingdom and the taxonomy is still being worked out. This lab is looking at one current hypothesis shown on the right. Some of the organisms are grouped together because Archaeplastida of very strong support and others are controversial. It is important to focus on the characteristics of each clade which explains why they are grouped together. This lab will only look at the groups that Amoebozoans were once included in the Protista kingdom and the other groups (higher plants, fungi, and animals) will be Unikonta examined in future labs. Opisthokonts Protista Classification Excavata Starting with the four “Supergroups”, we will divide the rest into different levels called clades. A Clade is defined as a group of Alveolates biological taxa (as species) that includes all descendants of one common ancestor. Too simplify this process, we have included a cladogram we will be using throughout the SAR Stramenopila course. We will divide or expand parts of the cladogram to emphasize evolutionary relationships. For the protists, we will divide Rhizaria the supergroups into smaller clades assigning them artificial numbers (clade1, clade2, clade3) to establish a grouping at a specific level.

Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Waters of New Jersey Include Red Tides, Green Tides, Brown Tides and Other Harmful Species As Listed in Appendix I

Brown Tide Alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS OF NEW JERSEY BY Mary Downes Gastrich, Ph.D. May, 2000 NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Division Of Science, Research and Technology Leslie McGeorge, Director Table of Contents Executive Summary iii Foreward v I. Background 1 II. National Assessment of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) 1 A. National Assessment of HABs 1 B. National Perspective on the Causes of HABs 2 III. Sources of Current and Historical Data on HABs 2 A. Sources of Historical Data 2 B. Sources of Current Information 3 IV. Health and Ecological Implications 6 A. Human health impacts 6 B. Ecological impacts 8 C. Aesthetic/Economic Impacts 11 V. Extent, Severity and Duration of HABs 11 A. Summary of Historic and Recent HABs in NJ 11 B. Summary of the 1999 HABs in NJ coastal waters 13 VI. Research and Indicator Development 17 A. General Research and Indicator Development: HABs 18 B. Specific Brown Tide Bloom Research Needs 20 VII. References 24 List of Figures Figure 1. Historical perspective of major phytoplankton blooms 32 causing red tides in the New York Bight and adjacent New Jersey coastal region Figure 2. New Jersey’s Coastal Phytoplankton Monitoring Network 33 List of Tables Table 1. Listing of documented algal blooms from 1957-1995 34 In NY Harbor and NY Bight VIII. Appendix I: Documented occurrences of harmful algae in New Jersey waters 1-4 Acknowledgements: The following people are gratefully acknowledged for their review and input to this report: Paul Olsen for his expertise and information on the NJ Phytoplankton Network and his comprehensive reviews, Eric Feerst, Bob Connell, Bill Eisele, Jim Mumman, Tom Atherholt and to Alan Stern, Dr.P.H.

SHORT COMMUNICATION ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENERA Labyrinthula, Schizochytrium AND Thraustochytrium (Labyrinthulids AND Thraustochytrids) Øjvind Moestrup Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 4 , DK- 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Citation as: Moestrup Øjvind, 2019. On the classification of the genera Labyrinthula, Schizochytrium and Thraustochytrium (Labyrinthulids and Thraustochytrids). Tap chi Sinh hoc, 41(2): xx–xx. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v41n2.xxxxx Species of the genera Labyrinthula, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium and related organisms have recently attracted attention in biotechnology, and here is a short note on how to classify these rather special organisms. The labyrinthulids and thraustochytrids belong to the heterokonts, a large group of very diverse organisms, from microscopic unicells to metre-long brown algae. The heterokonts comprise species that were formerly classified as algae, fungi and/or protozoa. Many heterokonts are autotrophic and contain chloroplasts, and such organisms are often classified as algae (golden algae, brown algae). Labyrinthulids and thraustochytrids, however, are heterotrophic and lack chloroplasts. They were until recently known as Labyrinthulomycetes or Labyrinthulea , indeed the new classification of Adl et al. (2019) uses the first of these names. It is an unfortunate name as it gives the misleading impression that they are fungi. Honigberg et al. (1964) and others considered them protozoa. Are heterokonts algae, protozoa or fungi? And, more specifically, what are labyrinthulids and thraustochytrids? The heterokonts are thought to be a very old group (probably precambrian), and this may account for their huge morphological diversity. In the WORMS list (World Register of Marine Species) heterokonts are classified as the Infrakingdom Heterokonta .

LIMNOLOGICAL INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL NUTRIENT CRITERIA FOR ALASKAN LAKES Water Quality Monitoring and Trophic Assessment of Seven Lakes in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough J. A. Edmundson REGIONAL INFORMATION REPORT No. 2A03-24 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage, Alaska 99518-1599 August 2002 I The Regional Information Report Series was established in 1987 to provide an information access system for all unpublished division reports. These reports frequently serve diverse ad hoc informational purposes or archive basic uninterpreted data. To accommodate timely reporting ofrecently collected information. reports in this series undergo only limited internal review and may contain preliminary data; this information may be subsequently finalized and published in the formal literature. Consequently, these reports should not be cited without prior approval of the author or the Division of Commercial Fisheries. AUTHORS II,'" Jim A. Edmundson is the project leader for Central Region Limnology of the Alaska Department ofFish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, 43961 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna, AK 99669. "..• '''11I11 ,." "J " ,,j Product names used in this report are included for scientific completeness but do not constitute endorsement by Alaska Department of Fish and Game. " il"l I.~ II~ IH ""I' TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page LIST OF TABLES .iii LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF APPENDICES viii ABSTRACT ix INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives . 3 Description of Study Site 3 METHODS 6 Data Gathering 6 Databases, Statistical Analysis, and Trophic State Index 15 RESULTS and DISCUSSION 16 Physical Conditions 16 Chemical Characteristics 22 Nutrients 29 Particulate Organic Carbon '" 34 Phytoplankton 34 Nutrient-Chlorophyll Models 36 Trophic Status 43 CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS 46 ACKN"OWLEDGEMENTS 49 REFERENCES 49 ii ., LIST OF TABLES Table " ;I 1.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 244-248, January 1995 Evolution Cladistic analyses of combined traditional and molecular data sets reveal an algal lineage (18S rRNA/chromophyte/chrysophyte/diatom/phylogeny) GARY W. SAUNDERSt, DANIEL POTrERt, MICHAEL P. PASKIND§, AND ROBERT A. ANDERSENt$ tBotany School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; tBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575; and §BASF Research Corporation, Worcester, MA 01605 Communicated by Hewson Swift, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, September 12, 1994 ABSTRACT The chromophyte algae are a large and bio- ultrastructural features, especially those of the flagellar appa- logically diverse assemblage of brown seaweeds, diatoms, and ratus. The eukaryotic flagellum (including cilium) probably other golden algae classified in 13 taxonomic classes. One evolved only once, and regardless of life stage, flagella are subgroup (diatoms, pedinellids, pelagophytes, silicoflagel- considered homologous; i.e., a flagellum of a sperm cell is lates, and certain enigmatic genera) is characterized by a considered homologous to that of a flagellate phytoplankter or highly reduced flagellar apparatus. The flagellar apparatus an asexual zoospore (10). Microtubular roots often anchor the lacks microtubular and fibrous roots, and the flagellum basal flagellum or flagella, and they are the major component of the body is attached directly to the nucleus. We hypothesize that cell's cytoskeleton (17), often being active in specific cell the flagellar reduction is the result of a single evolutionary activities [e.g., phagocytosis (18-20) and scale formation (21- series of events. Cladistic analysis of ultrastructural and 23)]. The flagellar apparatus in many chromophyte classes has biochemical data reveals a monophyletic group that unites all four microtubular roots, and in some cases a system II fiber or taxa with a reduced flagellar apparatus, supporting our rhizoplast is also present (Fig.